that property, production, and the distribution of goods are the natural domain of men; and fourth, that male superiority, dominance, and privilege are a part of received religious revelation. These four interlocking justifications—biological, cultural, economic, and religious—have provided until recently an unquestioned position for the domination of half the world’s people by the other half (Iglitzin and Ross, 1976, 15). Such patriarchal beliefs are oppressive by definition because they are premised